Emily (she/her): Today, so I labeled it as tree cutting propagation and then May's--So I'm doing the tree cutting propagation and May's doing seed starting Emily (she/her): And just so everyone knows I do talk about a couple different ways of starting a tree from both a cutting and while it's still attached to the tree like using a branch to start another tree. So I talked about a few different things. It's not all cuttings. Emily (she/her): But yeah, it's pretty interesting. Justin Haggard - he/him: Yeah, so we'd start, we like to start with the land acknowledgement. So as an organization within a land grant institution, Dig: The Campus Garden Coalition at UCLA acknowledges the Gabrielino/Tongva peoples as the traditional land caretakers of Tovaangar (Los Angeles basin, South Channel Islands). Emily (she/her): So the first thing I'm going to talk about is cutting propagation and air layering, air layering is a very specific type of of starting a tree from a branch. There's gonna be lots of photos. Emily (she/her): But that is just one of the many ways that if you were to, like, look up air layering you'd see a lot of different media on how to air layer a tree. Emily (she/her): OK, so the supplies you'll need. Emily (she/her): You need a rooting medium. So, a rooting medium is usually a course sand that has been watered and drained. Emily (she/her): This is usually light enough and not not super packed so that roots are able to form easily and then you'd need some kind of soil a light to a medium soil. Emily (she/her): Eight cutting of a soft word an herb or a plant softwood being new growth. So, not something that has been around for a while. Emily (she/her): Typically you would take us off wood cutting in the spring. And I'll talk a little bit more about that. But when that piece of wood is relatively pliable and young, you need a rooting hormone or there's-- Emily (she/her): It's also called a rooting compound or I don't know, rooting--something, not medium--but a rooting hormone can be found at most gardening stores. Sometimes you'd have to ask a worker where to find it. But most gardening stores carry it. Emily (she/her): And you'd need some kind of clean knife or cutting tool, a pot or container with holes for drainage and a plastic bag or a jar to cover your container. Emily (she/her): And then specifically for the air layering you need plastic wrap or a pressure propagation ball. And I'll talk about that a little bit later. Emily (she/her): Okay, so the first thing I'm going to talk about is cuttings in particular. Emily (she/her): The things that grow best from cuttings. So if you were to go up to, let's say, a rosemary bush rosemary works really, really well with cuttings most herbs do. Emily (she/her): But you go to the new growth in the spring. But I think rosemary, you can do all year round, because of how quickly it grows. Emily (she/her): You go to the newest growth. So at the end of like, if you have like the rosemary, you would go to the very end of it, and you'd take about a four to six inch cut and you just-- Emily (she/her): You'd cut it at an angle like a 45 degree angle and and then what you would do is you would hold the top bit with about an inch, like about an inch of leaves, leave that on and then everything else, just pull the leaves off as you go down. Emily (she/her): Because you only want the top to have leaves you dip it in rooting hormone and then you have a couple of options here. You can place it and water for multiple weeks until roots form. Emily (she/her): You'll be able to see like if you check on it, you'll be able to pull it out of the water and see that root has started to form, probably about a week that it's been in the water. Emily (she/her): And the really important thing, if you start a cutting and water is that you want to make sure you change the water at least once a week. Because you want the water to have oxygen in it. So you want to like replace the water relatively frequently Emily (she/her): And and then always make sure that your that the end of your like stem is submerged in water. Also, and then when the cutting is Emily (she/her): When the cutting has roots that are multiple centimeters long, then you can transfer it to them soil or, alternatively, as you can see in the bottom photo here. Emily (she/her): You can transfer the cutting directly to damp soil. After you have dipped it in a rooting hormone and make sure that for the first few weeks. Emily (she/her): For both methods. The, the water method and the damp soil method that your soil stays damp not wet but damp. Emily (she/her): Because your plant will lose more water than it takes in if your soil is dry. Emily (she/her): Oh, yeah. And then this little this little plant or this little photo on the right. This is an example of like Emily (she/her): How really the top portion of the cutting should only have leaves, because you want all of the energy to go to growing roots, not to keeping the leaves on it alive. Okay. Emily (she/her): Now I'm going to talk about fruit tree propagation. I think this is so cool. I don't know about you guys but I get so excited to talk about this so Emily (she/her): Fruit tree propagation specifically air layering and grafting. Emily (she/her): And the top so I'm not really going to talk about grafting because I don't know that much about it, but this top photo right here is a good example of like what it looks like when you graft and you'd make a little incision cover it-- Emily (she/her): With a soil or a moss that's damp and then over a period of time, you can kind of see the roots. This is the top photo but you can kind of see the roots beginning to grow out of that incision and then you'd cut below it and you could replant it somewhere else. Emily (she/her): Alternatively, for air layering and you can see in the center photo here there's a green ball-shaped piece of plastic. Emily (she/her): And what happens is to have new growth, you would select a branch. So not a super, super big branch, but like probably a branch that's definitely less than an inch thick. Emily (she/her): You don't want it to be too big, but something that's strong, you want to remove the top layer of bark from around the tree like a watchband so going all the way around. You want to have Emily (she/her): The top layer of bark removed to where you can see the green layer under it. Emily (she/her): And you coat the area and our rooting compound. I mean, you could use like a paintbrush to do this, honestly, but you just want to make sure the entire area is covered in the rooting compound. Emily (she/her): And then you can use this green ball or it's called propagation ball a pressure propagation ball, but you could also just use a plastic like piece of like Saran or something. Something along those lines. You could even like Emily (she/her): Use a plastic bag and just wrap it and then put tape around it, but you want to have dirt or moss that is slightly damp to go around the area that you have that has been cut on the branch. Emily (she/her): And you want to make sure it's wrapped pretty nicely so that way moisture does not leave that object you want moisture to stay in there. Emily (she/her): Because if you start to-- Emily (she/her): If it starts to dry your roots could die and then your branches essentially dead. Um, but yeah, you leave it for a few months. What's once it's been wrapped, I think. Emily (she/her): Six months is the average I was looking at dates and I think you can leave it on for about six months and then you can take off the ball or the wrap or whatever you decided to use. And if your roots are looking alive and well, then you can cut below. Emily (she/her): Where you've made this incision and then you you quite literally just cut it and then you can transfer it directly to soil. Emily (she/her): Um, you would need to loosen up the roots, though. Like, you can't just put the ball directly in the ground, you have to like probably soak the roots a little bit. Make sure they loosen up and then put them into a soil. Emily (she/her): And then this is an alternate way of doing Emily (she/her): Propagation and this is more of a cutting method. So if you have like cuttings. You can use this method for it, but you want to make a clean cut dip in the written compound rooting compound is used for everything here because when you're starting something from another parent plant. Emily (she/her): This just quickens the process. You don't need the rooting compound, but it will take a really, really long time. For this to happen, and it all need a lot more maintenance. If you don't use a written compound, but it is possible, you want to place in damp well drained soil. Emily (she/her): And making sure that the soil is constantly moist, because if it is dried the cutting will die. Emily (she/her): Alternatively this method where you take the cutting you put it in the room and hormone, you put it in the soil and then you cover it and then like put a piece of tape or a rubber rubber band around it on at the bottom so that Emily (she/her): Moisture doesn't escape. It can also do something different, where it can mold. So that's something else that you have to keep track of. Emily (she/her): It's not necessarily likely to happen, but because you are keeping the same moisture trapped and confined in that area. If you do this method over a period of months, check and make sure that there's no mold and if there is something that has mold on it. Get rid of it. Emily (she/her): Get rid of that specific plant and then check on the other ones that are in its little, that are in its container relatively frequently to make sure that those have also not molded Emily (she/her): Um, so, to prevent evaporation, like I said you can place a clear bag over the pot and leave it there for multiple weeks and eventually, you should be able to Emily (she/her): wiggle it around and check for roots. This method is much more trial and error than the other method. As you can tell, because there are more things that can go wrong with it. Emily (she/her): And then for this especially sometimes the soil that you use kind of has to be like, sometimes you have to work with it a little bit. Emily (she/her): It's not going to be the same for all soil and it's not going to be the same for every single plant. So sometimes it'll take a few times before you actually get something to root. Emily (she/her): Okay. And then these are some fun photos and when you do a cutting method. Emily (she/her): If you look at this bottom photo here. It kind of looks like the sand that they're using to propagate. Well, it kind of looks like it's more sandy than it is soil. Emily (she/her): And when you do a cutting method and you don't do an air layering method, what you want is you want to either have a layer of sand on the bottom of your container so like a rooting compound. Emily (she/her): Or you want to have soil mixed with sand so that way. There's a really good amount of drainage and also so that there's enough loose space for your roots to form what you don't want is you do not want to have packed dirt. Emily (she/her): Um, but other than that. This is just a little diagram of like the rooting hormone. Usually I think they come in powder form, but they also sell liquids that you can use and the tree photo in the center on the top. This is actually a photo of my aunt's tree. So my aunt does a lot of different-- Emily (she/her): She's, she's really into gardening. But what she has done here. If you can see right in the center there's there's a band here. Emily (she/her): And then there's also, if you look at the top of the tree. There's a squirrel, directly to the right of the squirrel there's a couple more bands cut on the tree. This is a very experimental method that she's using of getting her trees to fruit. Emily (she/her): And it's called, it's called girdling and what it's doing is it's essentially taking off the top layer of bark on the tree so that the tree spends more energy going to those places that are damaged to fix it and inadvertently, it's actually pushing the tree to produce more fruit. Emily (she/her): It's a really interesting method. It does have the potential to also kill your tree if you do it too frequently, but if you just do a couple of cuts, it's not going to kill your tree. Emily (she/her): But this is also, if you were to do that and then wrap that with like a rooting hormone and plastic and dirt. That is also another way to start. Emily (she/her): To like to do the air layering like I was talking about earlier. Emily (she/her): Okay, I did talk to my and her name is Cathy, my aunt Cathy. She's my she's my friend, but, um, she also had some other things to say about Emily (she/her): Just, just fun little words of wisdom. One of the things she said is, if you're working at out of a home or you have a small yard or even if you're in an apartment and you just have a little tiny garden area. Emily (she/her): Something that if you're doing cuttings. Emily (she/her): Over time, it's good to work your soil so like if you have a really small backyard. Emily (she/her): She for years like probably 25 years since she moved into the apartment. Every year, she has worked on her soil by Emily (she/her): bringing in new soil mixing it with the soil that's already there just continuously building up the quality of soil in her backyard. Emily (she/her): And now it's to the point where because her soil has been built up so much and she keeps it healthy and she keeps it damp and she's always adding to it now she has a lot easier time of getting things to live longer and to actually like fruit into to have good quality produce Emily (she/her): But she didn't end the beginning. And so she was definitely telling me about the importance of working your soil, especially when working with cuttings. Emily (she/her): And then when planting a tree. This is, I mean this. We all know this, but when planting a tree, making sure that you're a hole is large enough because Emily (she/her): If you put your like ball root system into the ground and it doesn't have enough place places to go and to expand it will die. Emily (she/her): And her final words of wisdom were plant something and expect it to grow. And if you expect it to grow it probably will, because that means you're caring for it a little bit more. If you're putting in the energy to make that thing grow it will also put in the energy to grow so Emily (she/her): Yeah. And now I think May take it over, girl. Yuerong- she/they: Well before I start, does anyone have question for Emily. Yuerong- she/they: Alright. Yuerong- she/they: I'm really nervous, but let's talk about seed starting, I try to cover as much as I can because I want to make this a beginner friendly introduction to see it starting. Yuerong- she/they: So if you already know how they work bear with me. And if you think there's something you want to add all feel free to just put in the chat. Yuerong- she/they: Exactly. So first of all, let's talk about understand the seed sowing and the timing. So different vegetable have very different seed starting and transplanting dates, because during different locations and they have different environment temperature Yuerong- she/they: Sometimes stone. Some types of vegetables don't like to start early indoors at all. So those are the direct so inversion plants such as fetish carrots any root vegetables and squash beings. So they like to be directly Yuerong- she/they: Planted outdoor in the garden when the time is right. Yuerong- she/they: Other plants. In contrast, Yuerong- she/they: To elect to be started in smaller container indoor with optimal moisture so those I'm just gonna call them the transplanting plans, such as tomatoes or lettuce plants. A lot is basically an angry guy you usually see they would like to be started in door and the cat. I just like that mean Yuerong- she/they: Next slide. Yuerong- she/they: So, Yuerong- she/they: I know a lot of us all from very different places around the US or even in the world. So Yuerong- she/they: This is a chart on the right you can see it's a table that tells you which months. Yuerong- she/they: And matches which kind of plans and when they would like to be transplanted or which month they would like to just be plant directly outside this system is called the USDA Hartnett zones. There's 13 in general in the US. Yuerong- she/they: Basically, it's just a very rough guide for gardeners. Yuerong- she/they: And it is defined by temperature. So the first second zone will be the coldest areas you can see on the map. There are pink and purple and then the hardest. Yuerong- she/they: The hardest zones like 12 and 13 will be very hot area so LA is zone 10 because we usually have a very optimal temperature throughout the whole year. Yuerong- she/they: You click. There's something and then admission. Yeah, so I'm just going to give an example. As we look at the table of LA Yuerong- she/they: When I look at lettuce, you'll see the purple bars means start seeds inside and then the green bars means transplant. So that will be a good time to transplant it outdoor or to a bigger pot Yuerong- she/they: And there's also two yellow lines, which means during that time of the year, it is ok if you just want to plant it outside directly Yuerong- she/they: We're right now in October, end of October, November 1 so as indicated, it's a good time to transplant it. So during this period of time, it will be good if you start your seedlings and transplant it by the end of November, but still, it's just a very rough guide. Yuerong- she/they: I'm going to have Lauren help me to send this link. Yuerong- she/they: So you can click on the link in this chat, it will link you to the USDA zone if you putting your postal code, you'll be able to see which zone are you in right now. Yuerong- she/they: So if you want to just try it out and reply to the chat. With your city and your zone number. So we can see how different kind of hardiness zone we're all in Yuerong- she/they: So thanks, y'all for doing this activity. This USTA Hartnett zone is the is now the only way that gardeners us to Yuerong- she/they: Decide like when we should start seeds. There's also other maps, such as the climate zones and the sunset zones which is sometimes actually use more often than the Hartnett zone, especially for coastal regions of the US. Yuerong- she/they: Next slide. Yuerong- she/they: Alright, and after talking about timing. We're going to talk about seeds because it's so important. Yuerong- she/they: To talk about seedlings. Yuerong- she/they: First Yuerong- she/they: We will recommend to you when you're choosing a seed pack. Look for non GMO And Organic and heirloom on the labels on the pack. And I'll briefly go through what does those three words. Yuerong- she/they: So non GMO means the seeds did not undergo the mechanical transfer of the genetic material outside of any natural reproductive methods because GMO sometimes will cross plants between genera like between families or even between kingdoms. Yuerong- she/they: So, Yuerong- she/they: The GMO company usually would sign a contract with farmers and then they'll give them the GMO seeds. Yuerong- she/they: And the farmers will get charged if they like harvest the seeds and try to plant again. So it's actually really hard to get a GMO seeds anyway. Yuerong- she/they: But just look for a non GMO on the pack. Secondly, organic, it basically means the seeds are grow in organic soil and are only exposed to fertilizer and pest controls permitted by the USDA and National Organic Program. The opposite of organic is the conventional seeds which is Yuerong- she/they: One of the most chemically intensive type of type of agriculture, the organic seed are managed with an eye towards preventing disease. So as a result, it can greatly reduce the need for harmful chemicals and also if you're planning outside prevent the wash out into rivers and streams so like as we probably learn about like eutrophication. Yuerong- she/they: So we recommend organic and lastly heirloom seeds basically seeds that have been saved and shared by generations of gardeners. Yuerong- she/they: So there are those older varieties that has been around in your area, and they're very stable and their field pollinated. So that's the meaning of those three labels. Yuerong- she/they: Big shout out to Baker Creek heirloom seeds, as well as a nice garden because during summers we'll email them telling them where a student org in gardening and they will send us a lot of seeds. So basically, a lot of things we planted in the garden are from those Yuerong- she/they: And not to mention is the seed library in Los Angeles. If you haven't heard about it. So basically, it's an org that focus on educating members about seed saving Yuerong- she/they: And they also value how if you if you plant your vegetables in LA and save the seeds and plant again. Basically those seeds will be more Yuerong- she/they: adapted to the LA environment. So they will have more optimal optimal growth in the LA area. So if you send seeds to seed library, it basically helps them to send seeds again to other gardeners in the LA area and you can also get seeds from the library yourself. Yuerong- she/they: A quick mention, Sophie is going to lead an herb workshop next week, and she has sent a poll on our slack to see if anyone wants some pack of herbs. He sent to your home before the workshop Yuerong- she/they: So if you want to sign up ASAP. So before next Sunday. You can get some seed pack for your garden. Yuerong- she/they: And. Next slide. Yuerong- she/they: Let's talk about reading the package. Yuerong- she/they: I know we already have so many readings every week, so it's hard to sit down and read a package while you're just planting a seed, but still it's important, and some of the information on the package actually very useful. Yuerong- she/they: So first, I think, personally, the most important information is on the left. Yuerong- she/they: Sometimes depending on the company they'll mark it somewhere else, but there will always be a column telling you Yuerong- she/they: One, so if you're in the cold winter area, it will recommend you to plant it from May to June. Yuerong- she/they: And it also says if you're in a mild winter area such as LA, I recommend you to planning March to approximately August. This is a seedpack of broccoli, by the way. Yuerong- she/they: And it will also tell you if the plant like to being full sun or shade it will tells you how deep they should go, which is a very important information for this broccoli as as one and a half inch deep. So that's how deep the seed is, going to the soil when you are starting to get a seedling. Yuerong- she/they: And less important, but also still important days to germinate is seven to 10 days. And it also tells you, after transplant it will take about 60 to 65 days. Yuerong- she/they: And then after that you can harvest them. So that's some very important information, you can just read by in one minute by reading the small column. Yuerong- she/they: And the picture on the right is what the package will tell you if you like open the little Yuerong- she/they: Book thing. It's a very smart design. I like it. But basically, it tells you Yuerong- she/they: The it tells you it's best to start us indoors. It also tells you if you want to start outdoors, how it goes. Yuerong- she/they: Yeah, that's it. So as you can see, this is a longer paragraph. If you don't want to read it. No one blames you Yuerong- she/they: But it will tell us you. How far apart should seeds go to each other. And when you transplant it. How far apart should a bigger plants have between each other. So they'll have enough space to grow themselves. Yuerong- she/they: And also on the end there's growing notes, all it tells you if you want fertilize them. Yuerong- she/they: Or how do you cut when you're harvesting them for broccoli. It says harvest and being had by cutting about halfway down the stalk. So yeah, that's all the information you can get from just reading the package. Yuerong- she/they: Next slide. Yuerong- she/they: All right. Alright. So, lastly, let's talk about tools and parts. Yuerong- she/they: First of all, tray plus lid is a very good combo. Because no matter what container you choose it is best if they considering some sort of change, so they can catch access water runoff Yuerong- she/they: Yes, cats. Thanks. Justin for noticing. I tried Yuerong- she/they: Also the trays should be kept covered with a lead or some sort of plastic wrap or anything. Yuerong- she/they: Until the seeds. Yuerong- she/they: Are sprouted because it will keep the moisture in and also prevented to be eaten by birds and stuff. If you put it outside. Yuerong- she/they: And then let's talk about container. First of all, Yuerong- she/they: I don't know if you guys have those questions. But I'm always like shy planning a better pot or should I just started with a six pack so in a larger part Yuerong- she/they: Yes, it will give you more space, like if you're planning a very big vegetables such as a tomato it the roots grow very fast and it might be very soon. Yuerong- she/they: The container will become bounded, which is not good, but then also a point about a larger pot. Is that a way soil. Yuerong- she/they: Because you know how settling is so little, but a larger pot. Basically, you need a lot of soil to fill it in and afternoons are still in the soil is basically not really usable because there might be disease and other conditions. So, you cannot really really use it. Yuerong- she/they: So I would recommend a six pack six pack. Yuerong- she/they: They come if you buy online is sometimes come with tray and lit, so that's awesome, and I will, highly recommend if you buy those more sturdy ones so they can last a year or even several years because they are plastic so you don't want to buy a lot of them and keep throwing them away. Yuerong- she/they: If it's a bigger or medium size plant, such as broccoli or cauliflower, tomatoes. Yuerong- she/they: You will want to transplant a six pack into the garden bed or bigger containers sooner. Just because their roots grow really fast. Yuerong- she/they: And then we can talk about biodegradable cups. Yuerong- she/they: I have one actually right next to me. Yuerong- she/they: So this is a cup. The plant is already out but I saved the containers. So as you can see, I didn't put this into into soil at all because Yuerong- she/they: After the plant start growing the container was made of paper, but it's still really hard. It didn't start to decompose. So if that's the situation you're having when you're trying on a biodegradable cups. It's not ideal. If you just plant a whole thing into soil because Yuerong- she/they: The root can go through and it will really limit their growth. Yuerong- she/they: If you're using down another way you can go around. It is just to cut the bottom and then putting it into soil so it will have space to grow with without Yuerong- she/they: Other container. I have next to me right now. Yuerong- she/they: Is a pack this thing. Yuerong- she/they: If you are not vegan and eat eggs, you can save some one of those to start some seedling that Yuerong- she/they: And also fancy ones that I bought just because they're cute would not recommend because it's in a weird shape. It's not soft so it's hard to get a sibling out Yuerong- she/they: Yeah, and also dry paper. Once you can always just fold one in one minute. You see newsletters or your little paper that you don't want anymore. Yuerong- she/they: And the cons of the paper ones is that if you sit in water it will get soaked really quickly. So basically you have to moist and manually. Very often, instead of just filled with water. Yuerong- she/they: So that's all about containers. Now, next we'll have we'll talk about settling. Next I'm highly recommend is fresh Sparrow those backfilling maxed out, you can just get from any nursery in stores. Yuerong- she/they: Because those are optimal mix for plants grow in Yuerong- she/they: there nice and fluffy. You actually can see in the picture. They're very light so they wouldn't press on the news though the new sprouts and the plant very hard. Yuerong- she/they: And it doesn't have any large chunk of wood. And then if you have gay like normal makes you might sometimes see like chunk of words in it, which is not ideal for siblings. Yuerong- she/they: And also, Yuerong- she/they: On the side siblings doesn't like fertilizers. So if you're just starting seeds. You don't have to prefer us at all, because in my burn the seeds, actually, or the new leaves. Yuerong- she/they: And they will inhabit or just kill the gross directly and seeds themselves are amazing. They already have everything the new plants needed a little seed and the consisting them for the first two weeks or so. So yeah no fertilizer. Yuerong- she/they: And also avoid using oh soil from your garden because they might have the seas or past Yuerong- she/they: next quarter and airflow. When you start settling. You want to keep the soil. Very moist all the time, which is a point that Emily also said about Yuerong- she/they: The fruit tree cutting because you don't want the water to come out of the plants into the soil. You want the water to constantly going to the plans. Also, you don't want to flood the container because that's also not good for the growing Yuerong- she/they: And airflow. I'm Yuerong- she/they: Would recommend you to put an extra window or open a friend, sometimes, just so they can get some air flow going Yuerong- she/they: The last three points are optional. Yuerong- she/they: While you're starting seeds, you can have labels and right next to them. So you know what kind of plant today because oftentimes you start a lot of things at the same time, but they're all different. Yuerong- she/they: And the siblings new sprouts all look the same. So, you forgot what they are. The second one is artificial light one, the seasons generating Yuerong- she/they: germinating, you don't have to have lights on them. But once they start have leaves it will be good if you're sitting indoor is next to a window. But if that's not Yuerong- she/they: And conditions that you have, you can always get those artificial light from Amazon. It's not very expensive and put it very close to a plan. So they get all the license needed. Lastly, silly heat, but I'm looking at Alex and who else has a five song five Yuerong- she/they: Karen. Yuerong- she/they: Yes. Um, so I know it's very cold for you guys right now. You might want to consider to get a seedling heat mat. So your seeds will have enough temperature them to grow. Yuerong- she/they: I opened the new seedling mix. And I've already pre moisture, the soil which means I put so in this tray and I have done porter and just mix them back with my hands because Yuerong- she/they: It's always good to make the soil moist before you start to put says no. Yuerong- she/they: And I'm going to use a Yuerong- she/they: Six Pack today. Yuerong- she/they: This little guy and the broccoli seeds right here, which is exactly the package that I show you guys read the package, I did it. Yuerong- she/they: So let's get started. First of all, just put us in the six pack. Yuerong- she/they: To the top because unlike transforming why you need to like leave space. Yuerong- she/they: Seed starting is basically on the surface. So just fill it. Yuerong- she/they: And now. Yuerong- she/they: If you remember the package aside. Yuerong- she/they: To associate it should be one and a half inch deep. Yuerong- she/they: Easy way to look at this is Yuerong- she/they: The first section of your thumb is about one inch. So to go one and a half, it would just maybe the length of my Yuerong- she/they: Oh, Yuerong- she/they: Yeah, I mean, it says demo always fail, and it did, um, Yuerong- she/they: Yeah, be careful because the package, the bottom sometimes opens and don't tend to show you guys are planning. So today for the broccoli seeds, I will do just one hole. Press it down so you can see I made a one and a half inch hole. Yuerong- she/they: And I will put maybe just two to three seeds in that one because likely is broccoli seeds, I can update. You want to always put more than one seed because there's no guarantee that if you only put one it will grow and it will be sad to waste your time and emotion. If it doesn't grow. Yuerong- she/they: And just quickly cover it with soil. Don't press it down. Yuerong- she/they: Because you don't want the soil around the seedlings very tired. And then I don't have my spraying bottle next to me, but you can just get some water and sprinkle on it and just make sure the soil is moist every day. And lastly, I'll just find a plastic wrap to cover the top and Yuerong- she/they: I'll show you guys. Yuerong- she/they: This is the big six pack tray. So it does come with a tray after you plant, you can just put it in. Yuerong- she/they: And if you don't want to water from the top because you don't want to disturb the seas, like they might like flow away two different ones. You can water from the choice. Just put water into the tray. Yuerong- she/they: And there was to absorb water from bottom down, which is a very smart technique that I learned from someone Yuerong- she/they: So yeah, that's my fail. Yuerong- she/they: That's so funny. Yuerong- she/they: And thanks guys for bearing with me. Yuerong- she/they: Minutes. Okay, really quick recap. So, oh my god, that was step two, I intend to fix that. But. Step one. Prepare the seedling mix. Yuerong- she/they: And step two pre moistened your starting mix with water and just wear gloves if you want to. Step three. If you're assuming continuing with that soil mix and then put your seeds, according to the instruction on the package. Yuerong- she/they: Some seeds, such as peas Pumpkin squash and corn would prefer a overnight or several hours soaking before you plant them. Yuerong- she/they: But that's just very optional. You don't have to do those if you don't want to. They will still grow if you just plant them into moist soil and. Step five. Cover the trays Yuerong- she/they: Oh yeah, the last thing to mention is, How to know when to transplant the dismantling if it has started growing the first way to attack the first week so under Yuerong- she/they: The two ones on the side, which looks very smooth. Those are not true leaves, the piece in the middle is a true leaf Yuerong- she/they: So after you see those to leave. That means the plant is probably good enough and they're ready to be transplanted the second way is to refer to what we discussed about the package. So for the broccoli is us. Yuerong- she/they: Once they are three to four inches tall, you can start to transplanted 12 to 8, 12 to 18 inches apart into outdoors. Following the package. Lastly, Yuerong- she/they: Pay attention to the bottom of the container. If you see roots already coming out and if it's a lot. It means you should immediately transplanted to avoid Yuerong- she/they: root bound such as this photo and if root bound happened then before you put it into the outdoor soil. Make sure you just use your hand to just squeeze it loosening the roots. Yuerong- she/they: So they're not stuck all together. Because if it does after going to the soil it won't spread at all, and it will just, it will just Yuerong- she/they: The plant may die.